Pandemic Challenges and Opportunities for Gender Equity in Clinical Research

In the arena of clinical research, gender equity accelerates research excellence: we need multiple perspectives and all the brain power we can muster to maximize research productivity and quality. [...]women physician investigators enhance enrollment of women as participants in clinical trials, which is crucial to our ability to generalize from the data and to maintain the health of women. Women are underrepresented among academic grand rounds speakers,14 speakers at medical conferences15, and award recipients from medical specialty societies.16 Time pressure is especially intense on young women faculty. Besides spending more time on domestic chores, they spend more time at work on teaching, service, and mentoring. Female primary care physicians spend more time with patients.22 Elderly hospitalized patients treated by female internists experience lower mortality and readmission rates.23 Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting had shorter hospital length of stay when treated by an all-female physician team as compared with an all-male team.24 Female patients treated by male physicians following acute myocardial infarction have higher mortality than those treated by female physicians.25 Sex discordance between patient and surgeon is associated with increased likelihood of adverse postoperative outcomes-and that observation that is driven by worse outcomes for female patients treated by male physicians.26 Clinical trials play a fundamental role in bringing new medications and interventions to our patients, yet women have often been excluded from participation. Among 60 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lipidlowering therapies reported between 1990 and 2018, there was a modest increase in enrollment of women over time, but women remain underrepresented compared with the relative burden of disease.30 In another study of 317 RCTs of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction published in highimpact journals over the past 20 years, only 25% of participants overall were female, and females were under-enrolled in 72% of these trials.

Converging Crises and the Cost of Exclusion: Unveiling the Invisible Women of Sri Lanka's Economy

In Sri Lanka, womens labor force participation has never exceeded 35% in over three decades. As of 2022, the country was ranked 110 out of 146 countries in the World Economic Forums Gender Gap Index. The gaps in womens participation in the formal economy alongside womens limited political empowerment are two leading causes for the country to be lagging in such global gender equality indicators. At a large cost to the economy, the existence of archaic gender norms that promulgate womens unpaid care work often exclude women from the formal labor force. This paper dissects the socio-economic and socio-political factors that lead to the invisibility of women in Sri Lankas economy, while seeking to understand how such underlying causes have been aggravated within the precarity of the post-pandemic context. It is important, now more than ever, to recognize the invisibility of women in Sri Lankas formal economy, while bringing about a transformative vision with a multi-pronged approach to address existing gaps and challenges. With reference to key principles of feminist economics, including the theoretical foundations of Claudia Goldin, Nancy Folbre, and Diane Elson, among others, the paper will make a case for inclusivity and intersectionality in policy recommendations aimed at encouraging womens entry, active engagement, contribution, and retention in Sri Lankas economy. The paper reaches a conclusion that when women lead, participate, and benefit equally in all aspects of life, societies and economies will thrive, thereby contributing to sustainable development and inclusive economic growth.

Meeting the challenge of gender inequality through gender transformative research: lessons from research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

While the global development agenda has prioritized gender equality, many challenges remain, and the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated inequalities. Gender transformative approaches to social change have the potential to address the underlying causes of inequality. This paper draws insights from studies funded by Canada's International Development Research Centre to understand how integrating gender transformative approaches to research can support social change. The findings suggest that gender transformative research is most successful in supporting change when it analyzes and addresses the multiple causes of inequality, takes an intersectional and structural approach, embeds the research in local contexts, and engages power holders and perpetrators of inequality.Alternate :RÉSUMÉSi les objectifs de développement mondial ont donné la priorité à l'égalité des genres, il y a encore de nombreux défis à relever dans ce domaine et la crise de la COVID-19 a exacerbé les inégalités. Les approches transformatrices du genre nous permettent de faire face aux causes sous-jacentes de ces inégalités. Cet article base son analyse sur des études financées par le Centre de recherches pour le développement international, au Canada, et vise à mieux comprendre comment l'adoption d'approches transformatrices du genre dans le contexte de la recherche peut appuyer le changement social. Nos résultats suggèrent que la recherche se basant sur une approche transformatrice du genre a de meilleurs chances d'inciter des changements sociaux lorsqu'elle analyse et répond aux différentes causes des inégalités, lorsqu'elle adopte une approche intersectionnelle et structurelle, lorsqu'elle intègre la recherche dans des contextes locaux et lorsqu'elle confronte les détenteurs du pouvoir et les responsables des inégalités.

Home sweet home? Arbeits(t)raum Homeoffice: Eine qualitative Untersuchung zum Erleben des mobilen Arbeitens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit

At least since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been much public discussion about the effects of home-based work on employees and whether the increase in home-based work brings new opportunities for gender equity. The present paper ties up to this discourse and asks how working from home is experienced from a gender comparison perspective. The chances and risks of working from home were carved out on the basis of 28 qualitative interviews, which were analyzed by means of Grounded Theory. The key findings of the study are that the same elements of home-based work are perceived as both a burden and a relief, that the experience of home-based work is influenced by both work-related and person-related conditions and that gender inequality in traditional couple relationships with children can be reinforced in home-based work.Alternate :Spätestens seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie wurde öffentlich vielfach diskutiert, welche Auswirkungen die Arbeit im Homeoffice auf die Beschäftigten hat und ob die Zunahme des mobilen Arbeitens neue Chancen für die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit birgt. An diesen Diskurs knüpft die Untersuchung an und widmet sich der Frage, wie das Homeoffice von den Beschäftigten erlebt wird. Auf der Grundlage der Auswertung von 28 qualitativen Interviews mit der Grounded Theory werden die Chancen und Risiken des Homeoffice betrachtet. Die zentralen Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind, dass dieselben Elemente des Homeoffice sowohl als Belastung als auch als Entlastung wahrgenommen werden, dass das Erleben des Homeoffice von arbeitsbezogenen und von personenbezogenen Bedingungen beeinflusst wird und dass sich die Geschlechterungleichheit in traditionellen Paarbeziehungen mit Kind im Homeoffice verstärken kann.

Feminist Governance in the European Parliament: The Political Struggle over the Inclusion of Gender in the EU's COVID-19 Response

The research objective of this article is to analyze the European Parliament's response to the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of feminist governance. Feminist governance can either play a role in ensuring the inclusion of a gender perspective in crisis responses, or, quite the opposite, crises may weaken or sideline feminist governance. The empirical analysis focuses on two aspects of feminist governance: (1) a dedicated gender equality body and (2) gender mainstreaming. In addition to assessing the effectiveness of feminist governance, the analysis sheds light on the political struggles behind the policy positions. The article argues that feminist governance in the European Parliament was successful in inserting a gender perspective into the COVID-19 response. The article pinpoints the effects of the achievements of the European Parliament's Women's Rights and Gender Equality Committee and gender mainstreaming on gendering the pandemic crisis response.

Women's Participation in Firms' Management and Their Impact on Financial Performance: Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 Period Evidence

At a time when gender equality is a key priority of all international organizations, this paper can be considered a remarkable contribution to the role of women executives in firms' performance. More specifically, this study focuses on the effect of women holding positions of responsibility on firms' performance worldwide. For the purposes of our research, we applied cross-sectional and panel data analysis for all sectors at an international level from 2019, the year preceding the breakout of the pandemic crisis, to 2021, while the indicators used to measure the participation of women in executive positions are classified as ESG indices. The empirical analysis findings end up showing that the participation of women in executive positions positively affects firms' performance over time, while there is no material change observed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic period. More specifically, when the percent of women processing job positions of responsibility increases by 10%, then the index of profitability will increase from 1.4% to 1.8%, regardless of the measurement of female participation in executive positions used. The results of this study constitute a remarkable contribution to the promotion of the creative economy, the progress of societies, and sustainable development. The research's outcome can be primarily used by policymakers drawing up policies for achieving gender equality in the labor market and workplaces and by shareholders and firms' managers in order to trust females in executive positions in favor of their firms' financial performance. The current study is unique in that it focuses on the period before and during the COVID-19 period, as a period of high volatility in economic activity worldwide, while the sample includes firms from large and mid-cap companies belonging to developed and emerging markets. The above approach will contribute to providing more credible information related to the role of women executives in firms' performance.

Women's experience of perinatal support in a high migrant Australian population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: As a COVID-19 risk mitigation measure, Australia closed its international borders for two years with significant socioeconomic disruption including impacting approximately 30% of the Australian population who are migrants. Migrant populations during the peripartum often rely on overseas relatives visiting for social support. High quality social support is known to lead to improved health outcomes with disruption to support a recognised health risk. AIM: To explore women's experience of peripartum social support during the COVID-19 pandemic in a high migrant population. To quantify type and frequency of support to identify characteristics of vulnerable perinatal populations for future pandemic preparedness. METHODS: A mixed methods study with semi-structured interviews and a quantitative survey was conducted from October 2020 to April 2021. A thematic approach was used for analysis. RESULTS: There were 24 participants interviewed both antenatally and postnatally (22 antenatal; 18 postnatal). Fourteen women were migrants and 10 Australian born. Main themes included; 'Significant disruption and loss of peripartum support during the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing impact for migrant women'; 'Husbands/partners filling the support gap' and 'Holding on by a virtual thread'. Half of the participants felt unsupported antenatally. For Australian born women, this dissipated postnatally, but migrants continued to feel unsupported. Migrant women discussed partners stepped into traditional roles and duties of absent mothers and mothers-in-law who were only available virtually. CONCLUSION: This study identified disrupted social support for migrant women during the pandemic, providing further evidence that the pandemic has disproportionately impacted migrant populations. However, the benefits identified in this study included high use of virtual support, which could be leveraged for improving clinical care in the present and in future pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted most women's peripartum social support with migrant families having ongoing disruption. Gains in the pandemic included greater gender equity for domestic work as husbands/partners increased their contribution to domestic work and childcare.

Exploring the Gender Gap in Teleworking from Home. The Roles of Worker's Characteristics, Occupational Positions and Gender Equality in Europe.

Previous research suggests an under-representation of women among teleworkers before the Covid-19 pandemic. However, we know little about whether such a gender gap was substantial, and whether it could be explained by occupational gender segregation. We explore whether a gender gap in regularly teleworking existed in the EU-28 and analyse its possible constituents, drawing on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2015. To form a group of potential teleworkers, the analytical sample was restricted to employees who made use of information and communication technology (N ≈ 16,000). Country fixed effects regression and multilevel models were applied. The results show that women were under-represented among teleworkers compared to men, also when occupational gender segregation is taken into account; the remaining gender gap in telework is estimated at 10%. For women, working part-time and working in the private sector was associated with lower incidences of telework, but not for men. Country characteristics explain a small but significant share of telework incidence. In countries that rank high on the Gender Equality Index and have a large public sector, telework was widespread, whereas it was less present in countries with higher shares of women in the fields of science and engineering. The findings support the view that the gender gap in teleworking from home is a matter of historically grown gender inequality. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-023-03133-6.

Women and the Justice Divide in Asia Pacific: How can Informal and Formal Institutions Bridge the Gap?

Across Asia and the Pacific, legal pluralist systems meet both cultural norms and address injustices at the local level. What is the capacity of these pluralist systems to provide justice and mitigate discrimination against women? This article examines women's experiences across five countries to identify the factors that enable and constrain women's engagement with legal pluralist justice systems in the Asia-Pacific region. Drawing on examples of women's individual and collective attempts to access justice specifically concerning custody, land, and violence, this article identifies three persistent conditions that perpetuate women's inability to access justice: the absence of gender mainstreaming resources in pluralist legal systems, most notably in rural, remote, and impoverished communities;cultural and religious preference for women's underrepresentation in decision-making;and women's low representation in justice-related civil service positions.

Leveraging Digital Financial Inclusion: How G7's "Build Back Better" Can Promote Gender Equality in Africa

Women, the rural poor, young people, and other vulnerable groups should not have to bear the brunt of the pandemic's socio-economic implications.6 First introduced in Kenya in 2007, the digital payment service "M-Pesa" has grown rapidly, becoming the most common mode of payment for goods and services in the East African region.7 Basking in the service's success facilitating payment transactions, Kenya has risen to the top of regional rankings in both the supply of mobile money services and bank account ownership (Figure 1). According to the 2017 Findex Report, the global trend of bank account ownership in middle to low-income countries stood at 63 percent in 2017. [End Page 79] smartphones and digital literacy are associated with poverty and are the main barriers to getting online.14 According to Research ICT Africa's Retail Africa Mobile Pricing (RAMP) Index, price is another barrier, since data is still quite expensive in many African countries.15 Financial inclusion during COVID-19 According to an International Finance Institution (IFC) study of thirteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, women-owned micro, small, and medium-sized firms (MSMEs) were most adversely affected by COVID-19, due to their smaller size and high concentration of ownership.16 Many of these female owners indicated that their companies had lost more than half of their revenues and that they had experienced an increase in the cost of their operations due to the pandemic. According to the Research ICT Africa's phone survey,19 58 percent of those who received the facility were individuals and women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (WOSME).20 This demonstrates that women, particularly those working in the

Impact on and Shift in Working Women's Priorities and Career Goals, Post Covid in Malaysia

There have been many studies done on the impact of the covid on employees and women workers but few on women managers, and in Malaysia. The pandemic affected everyone, but many talented women were compelled to leave the work force and/ or change their life and career goals in the light of the situation in which they found themselves with little support from organizations and others in their lives.This research looks at the dynamics of women's expected role in society and how this may have influenced HR thinking and policies vs the expectations of women managers from HR in helping them achieve their career goals while balancing their life goals. The corporates and HR department in particular could have done more to retain their women managers during the difficult time.The first part of the research focuses on appreciating women managers' career goals, the second part looks at the impact and the third section covers possible measures that could have helped these women perform better.The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of the pandemic on women managers and their needs to derive directions towards shaping appropriate policies by corporates and Human Resource Managers to both retain talented women employees and support their women managers to achieve their potential for themselves and for the organization.

Digital Technology and Gender Equity: Challenges and Opportunities in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings

Gender equity and inclusive economic growth are critical to make societies more resilient and to advance towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The consequences of gender inequality in fragile and conflict-affected settings do not only severely affect women and their families. The society at large also suffers from a significant loss of women's collective potential and talent, which impacts in every communities' fields for decades. In addition, the COVID-19 is bringing additional hardship for the most vulnerable all around the world, but particularly in fragile and conflict-affected settings. To advance towards gender equity and women's empowerment at all levels, strategies related to the use of digital technologies and online tools strategies are indispensable in fragile conflict-affected settings. It is noteworthy that women and girls' access to digital technologies is frequently less available to them and not always provided on equal terms with men due to different reasons (for instance, the impact of stigmas or idiosyncrasies). This fact exacerbates the risks for women and other marginalized groups to suffer negative consequences regarding their social well-being and income generation. Their lower access to technology and lifesaving information involves for them a greater exposure to this pandemic, particularly in the contexts of the COVID-19 outbreaks. Consequently, gender-sensitive approaches in fragile and conflict-affected contexts need to address the goal of gender equity in digital technology terms.

Intersection Between Gender Equity and Solving Infertility Issues

For several decades or perhaps centuries now, we have been discussing gender equity and related issues like male hegemony, acceptance and equal treatment of women/LGBTIA at workplace, sensitization of children and adults towards equity and empowerment. The aim of this paper is to explore and understand whether the same challenges and opportunities also exist when solving for infertility, specifically from the child's perspective. Traditionally the focus on issues of infertility is from the adult perspective, this paper aims to look at it from the child's perspective-the child born to solve infertility. Infertility is very traumatic and inequitable and few people talk about it and how will this silence help solve issues? Any child/human needs happiness and protection to thrive, how does inequity provide an environment for either? In fact, neither infertility nor gender equity are just "social justice" issues but are a "right to live" issue. The underlying issues envelope individuals to the extent it suffocates their "right to life" issues like being able to live freely at peace and happiness. While the circumstances of one's birth either based on gender or caste or religion or race or creed or physically challenged or mentally challenged or born differently via Surrogacy are NOT in any person's control, the issues surrounding their ability to live freely and pursue happiness in peace are often intersecting. As COVID has taught all of us in 2020 that there is great uncertainty coupled with complex issues and entire life gets disrupted overnight for individuals, families, communities, governments. We overcome that collectively. Similarly, inequity causes uncertainty and entire life gets disrupted for the affected. We must work together to overcome it. It is important to delve into this intersection of similar issues and raise awareness together instead of a piece-meal approach. Looking at the issues collectively may help us understand each other, build harmony and eventually work together to solve issues. Sometimes, we get caught up in a "Me First" approach with an end result of "We Last". There are multiple issues crisscrossing each other;like a Rubik's cube of inequity. Rather than debating the differences, let us work together on the commonalities of the underlying issues. This exploration is a hope that we can come together objectively and begin solving Rubik's issues of inequity. Perhaps we start at the point of the intersecting issues, a commonality among us. And move away from a "Me First, We Last" paradigm. Lastly, as MeToo movement has shown that it is not just about sexual harassment or assault but when one tries to "solve" by asking for equity and justice, they often fall prey to decades and perhaps centuries of inequity, patriarchy, power, money, suppression of lies, stereotypes;not something which can be solved by one person and it takes time. Similarly, "solving" infertility issues also takes time and is not something to be solved by one (girl) child when facing the same issues. At the very least, is exploitation and abuse of a voiceless girl child to "solve infertility" in adult an equitable solution and by denying rights of a girl child, what have we really achieved from the perspective of gender equity?

Gender Analysis of Arabic Language Teaching for Children at Madinah Islamic Full Day Elementary School, Slawi Tegal during the COVID-19 Pandemic

One of the efforts that can be carried out to systematically disseminate gender values is through teaching, be it through the teaching materials or the teaching techniques or strategies. One of the methods observed was through the teaching of Arabic language at Madina Islamic Full Day Elementary School in Slawi Tegal. The research methodology conducted in this study was the descriptive analysis method. The data collection techniques used included observations, interviews, and documentation study. Results of the research indicate that the teaching materials, used by the school from grade one to grade six, show values of gender equality, starting with the appearance of the book cover, the texts of the Arabic language teaching materials, and the exercise materials in the book. Furthermore, based on results of in-depth interviews, it was clarified that gender values in the books are complemented by verbal elaborations given informally by the teachers. Non-verbal explanations are also required in the form of appreciative attitude and treatment given by the educators to the learners, both boys and girls in an equal manner. In relation to the state of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Arabic language lessons were taught online.

Gender managerial obstacles in private organizations: the UAE case

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to report empirical research on gender managerial obstacles in UAE private organizations. It identifies the barriers that limit opportunities for gender equality promotion in managerial level positions.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were gathered from 384 female managers operating in UAE organizations using Survey Monkey and ANOVA for statistical analysis. Two variables (years of experience and industry) were used to compare the average means across the responses and the differences among the group.FindingsThe situation of gender equality in UAE management currently shows a positive trend. The females who participated in the survey have considerable work experience and jobs in a vital economic sector of the UAE industry. The earlier cultural stereotypes that worked against the interests of women in the UAE society are no longer relevant except for informal barriers and the level of cooperation among female leaders. We found differences among industry, service and transportation sectors in which gender managerial level in a private industry is dependent upon the number of years of experience for female managers.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of the study is the online survey was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown period in the spring of 2020, which led to a low number of participants responding to the questionnaire. Additionally, the survey did not include a nationality question to distinguish Emiratis from non-Emirati.Social implicationsThis study indicates a need to coordinate UAE female leaders' actions to protect their rights, develop formal and informal mechanisms of gender inequality realization in business and promote professional skills, orientation on social networks, and mentoring programs for female leaders. These initiatives improve the positions of female leaders.Originality/valueThe study of the UAE case adds to the existing literature on gender studies because the survey-based research in the UAE context contributes to the limited knowledge of Middle Eastern countries. The females' employment and their representation in managerial levels remain lower compared to males. Differences exist among the industry, service and transportation sectors.

El cierre de los centros educativos durante la pandemia. Un análisis sobre la brecha de género, la interseccionalidad y el derecho a los cuidados

Diferentes estudios realizados durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 confirman que la crisis sanitaria ensanchará la brecha de género y profundizará la crisis global de los cuidados. El cierre de los centros educativos y su paso a la virtualización supuso la transferencia directa a las familias y, en particular a las mujeres, de la responsabilidad de la atención, aprendizaje y el acompañamiento de los niños y niñas en etapa escolar. Una medida política sanitaria que se apoyó en los roles tradicionales de género, propició la re-familiarización de tareas educativas y de cuidado que normalmente asume el Estado o el mercado y, añadió, una sobrecarga de trabajo para las mujeres;quienes debieron hacerse cargo, de manera gratuita, de la provisión del bienestar de las familias. Si bien, esta situación afectó a la mayoría de las mujeres, no todas ellas lo vivieron de la misma manera. Para las mujeres migrantes, responsables de familias monoparentales y/o trabajadoras precarias o informales de la economía, la intersección de las desigualdades de género, clase y origen agudizó la carga de trabajo reproductivo y el costo personal de la reclusión de la infancia en los hogares. A partir de esta constatación, este artículo, busca iniciar una reflexión que permita poner en el centro del debate la reflexión, moral y política, sobre el deber de cuidar y el derecho a ser cuidado;poniendo énfasis en el papel del Estado y la escuela en la construcción de un sistema de corresponsabilidad de los cuidados, como un asunto de justicia social y de género.Alternate abstract:Diferents estudis duts a terme durant la pandemia de la COVID-19 confirmen que la crisi sanitaria eixamplara la bretxa degenere i aprofundirâ la crisi global de les cures. El tancament deis centres educatius i el seu pas a la virtualització va suposar la transferencia directa a les families, i en particular a les dones, de la responsabilitat de l'atenció, l'aprenentatge i l'acompanyament dels nens i les nenes en etapa escolar. Una mesura política sanitaria que es va recolzar en els rols tradicionāls de genere, va propiciar la re-familiarització de tasques educatives i de cura que normalment assumeix l'Estat o el mērcat, i va afegir una sobrecarrega de trebali pera les dones, que van haver defer-se carree, de manera gratuita, de la provisió del benestar de les families. Si bé aquesta situació va afectar la majoria de les dones, no totes elles ho van viure de la mateixa manera. Per a les dones migrants, responsables de families monoparentals o treballadores precâries o informáis de ľeconomia, la interseccióde lesdesigualtats degenere, classe i origen va aguditzar la carrega de trebali reproductiu i el cost personal de la reclusió de la infancia a les Hars. A partir d'aquesta constatació, aquest article busca iniciar una reflexió que permeti posar al centre del debat la reflexió, moral i política, sobre el deure de cuidar i el dret a les cures, posant émfasi en el paper de l'Estat i l'escola en la construcció d'un sistema de corresponsabilitat de les cures, com a assumpte de justícia social i de genere.Alternate abstract:Various studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic confirm that the health crisis will widen the gender gap and deepen the global care crisis. The fact that schools closed and went online meantfamilies (especially women in them) were responsible for their children's regard of education, learning and support at school. A health policy measure that relied on traditional gender roles fostered the refamiliarisation of educational and care tasks that were normally assumed by the state or the market and added a workoverload to women, who had to take charge of the provision of welfare in their families without being paid. Although this situation affected most women, not all of them experienced it in the same way. For migrant women, who are heads of single-parent families and/or precarious or informal workers, the intersection of gender, class and origin inequalities exacerbated the reproductive workload and th personal cost of incarcerating children in households. From this observation, the article seeks to consider the debate on moral and political reflection on the duty to care and the right to be taken care of;it emphasizes the role that the state and school have to constructa system of co-responsible care, as this is a matter concerning social and gender justice.

The PreCCL strategies to empower women against intimate partner violence occurrences in Limpopo province, South Africa

South African women remain vulnerable to gender-based violence, including femicide. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major and very complex public concern in the country currently. This makes IPV the most widespread method by which men perpetrate violence against women. It is not clear if women are empowered with IPV Information, Motivation and Behavior skills (IBM) to protect themselves against IPV occurrences. This article presents the developed PreCCL (prevention, community-based, corrective and law enforcement) strategies to empower women against intimate partner violence in Limpopo Province, South Africa. PreCCL strategies were developed based on qualitative and quantitative IBM (Information, Motivation and Behaviour) of IPV results as well as evidence-based information from the review of literature. Delphi technique was used to organize one stakeholder engagement meeting with a panel of 38 experts knowledgeable regarding Vhembe district IPV issues (namely managers from Vhembe Thohoyandou victim empowerment centre, members of the Executive council of the 6th administration of Limpopo provincial Legislatures, heads of departments or directors from the department of health, social development and community safety and security, chairperson of gender equity, TVEP managers, as well as women who were victims from Vhembe where the study was conducted, and chairperson of gender equity, disability women and children). The purpose of the stakeholder engagement meeting was consultation and buy-in of experts in the field regarding feasible and practical evidence-based intervention strategies for local communities. The setting for stakeholder engagement meeting was Vhembe District Tshifulanani at Munnandinnyi and Hadumasi the Victorious Community offices. However, due to COVID-19 regulations other stakeholders failed to attend, and the rating scales were emailed to them together with the PreCCL strategies. The participants were asked to rate the PreCCL strategies on a given Likert scale in terms of relevance, importance, potential effectiveness and recommendation for adoption. The 0.67 Cronbach Alpha reliability score of the Likert scale was found acceptable for this study. Of the 65 questionnaires sent out, only 38 were returned, which was 58.5% response rate. Data were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS. The strategies were rated relevant in addressing IPV in the district by most (n = 36;97,4%;Mean ± SD = 3.0 ± 0.7) of the stakeholder, whereby (n= 6;15.8%;Mean ± SD=3.8 ±1.2) strongly agreed and (n =30;78,9%) agreed. In terms of importance, most (n = 32;84.3%) of the respondents rated the strategies very important in addressing IPV in the communities. The strategies were rated potentially effective in addressing IPV by most (n =34;89.5%;Mean ± SD (3.2 ± 0.6) of the stakeholder. The majority (n = 34;89.6%) of the stakeholders recommended the adoption of the developed strategies in current state. Conclusion: PreCCL strategies to empower women against IPV occurrences, which were developed based on IBM qualitative and quantitative results as well as review of literature are considered relevant and potentially effective by stakeholder who recommend their adoption by the Department of Social Development, Limpopo Province.

Labor pains: The multiple and conflicting roles of academic mothers

This study investigated the lived experiences of tenure-line academic mothers using a narrative methodology and interpretivist and feminist frameworks. Employing a semi-structured protocol, the researcher interviewed twelve tenure-line academic mothers at five midwestern institutions of higher education: one private four-year, one public four-year, one community college, one private Historically Black College or University (HBCU), and one private HBCU. After interviewing the academic mothers, the researcher composed narratives based on the transcripts. She also included her own narrative for analysis. After the narratives were member checked by the participants, the researcher conducted data analysis on the transcripts using low-inference coding. The coding allowed the researcher to focus on emerging themes as part of her plot analysis (Daiute, 2014). Through the use of plot analysis, the researcher uncovered the most prevalent characters, settings, initiating actions, complicating actions, and resolutions across the participants? narratives. The significant characters that emerged were: the mothers themselves, husbands, children, supervisors, and mentors. The salient settings were universities and departments. The initiating actions for academic mothers consisted of the job search/interviews and pregnancy/giving birth. Pregnancy loss and the Covid-19 constituted the most significant complicating actions. Finally, mothers turned to boundary setting and ?inscribing motherhood? (Pillay, 2009) as means of resolution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)